Atkins diet phase two
Wadden. Alfredo Martinez,. (2010) Protein metabolic roles in treatment of obesity. The results of the analyses that included data on subjects who completed the study and data obtained at the time of the last follow-up visit for those who did not complete the study ( Table 3 ) were nearly identical to the analyses in which base-line values were carried forward in the case of missing data ( Table 2 ) with respect to blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and serum lipoproteins. CrossRef 153 Jay Kandiah, Dawn Brinson, Valerie Amend. CrossRef 77 Lynne Cresswell, Adrian P. (2014) High Fructose Corn Syrup and Sucrose Sweetened Milk Improve Dietary Quality during Weight Loss by Displacing Energy Dense, Nutrient Poor Foods. (2010) A 24-week randomised controlled trial comparing usual care and metabolic-based diet plans in obese adults. Lankarani, Seyed Moayed Alavian. (2016) Changes in liking for sweet and fatty foods following weight loss in women are related to prop phenotype but not to diet. CrossRef 169 Volker Schusdziarra, Margit Hausmann, Corina Wiedemann, Julie Hess, Cornelia Barth, Stefan Wagenpfeil, Johannes Erdmann. Guyton. (2015) Estimating the association between metabolic risk factors and marijuana use in U. Volek, M. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 57, 383-393. These data do not demonstrate an effect of macronutrient composition, independent of weight loss, on insulin sensitivity in obese subjects without diabetes. CrossRef 84 Louisa Ming Yan Chung, Queenie Pui Sze Law, Shirley Siu Ming Fong, Joanne Wai Yee Chung. Jain. Yao, K. (2015) Low Carbohydrate Rather Than Low Fat Is More Important in Dietary Management of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. CrossRef 188 Dae Won Jun. The area under the curve (AUC) for the plasma glucose concentration and for the insulin concentration was calculated. Wong, Arash Mirrahimi, Chris R. Gueorguieva, R. Prevalence of attempting weight loss and strategies for controlling weight. Longer and larger studies are required to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diets. e5. Ongoing Weight-Loss Phase During the second phase of the diet, dieters have greater flexibility in the type and amount of carbohydrate-containing foods they can consume. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1281, 123-140. Wei, A. Berkow, Neal Barnard, Jill Eckart, Heather Katcher. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 8, 139-148. (2015) Counting carbohydrates as an educational tool to reduce fat consumption in obese children exposed to videogames: A pilot study. Daviglus, Linda Van Horn, Ka He, Jeremiah Stamler. J. Mills, L. Effects of total fat intake on body weight. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research Volume 66, 147-215. CrossRef 67 Hee Jung, Yun Lim, Eun-Kyoung Kim. CrossRef 20 Sepideh Soltani, Fatemeh Shirani, Maryam J Chitsazi, Amin Salehi-Abargouei. Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program. Integrative Treatment of Hypertension, 99-108. Methods Subjects A total of 63 persons (43 women and 20 men) participated in the study ( Table 1 Table 1 Base-Line Characteristics of the Subjects. Havel, J. CrossRef 160 Estibaliz Goyenechea, Claus Holst, Marleen A. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. CrossRef 58 Eugene J Fine, Richard David Feinman. Wood, Jay Wortman, Nicolai Worm. Comparison of effects of high and low carbohydrate diets on plasma lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity in patients with mild NIDDM. Managing the Broad Spectrum of Type 2 Diabetes. The increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and the decrease in triglyceride concentrations were greater among subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet than among those on the conventional diet throughout most of the study. Wadden. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45:3, 565-580. 2013. (2013) Hydrogen Peroxide Mediates Endothelium-Dependent Dilation of Coronary Arterioles in Obese Rats on a Low-Carbohydrate Diet. (2012) Compliance of a Small Convenience Sample and Efficacy of Short Term Modified Carbohydrate Diet on Weight Loss in Overweight College Students: A Pilot Study. CrossRef 156 J. (2013) Aspiration Therapy Leads to Weight Loss in Obese Subjects: A Pilot Study. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 13, 403-407. da Costa Pereira, W. (2010) Trends and correlates in meat consumption patterns in the US adult population. (2016) Exercise and diet in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. D. (2014) Glucose uptake by the brain on chronic high-protein weight-loss diets with either moderate or low amounts of carbohydrate. 2016. There was no significant relation between weight loss and ketosis at any time during the study. (2015) Dietary intake and its relationship with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). CrossRef 136 C D Gardner. (2016) Dietary intake in people consuming a reduced-carbohydrate diet in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. CrossRef 105 Brittany A Simone, Colin E Champ, Anne L Rosenberg, Adam C Berger, Daniel A Monti, Adam P Dicker, Nicole L Simone. (2010) Childhood obesity. Choi. 2012. (2011) Effects of different protein content and glycaemic index of. In fact, at three months, the LDL cholesterol concentration tended to increase in the subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet but decreased in the subjects on the conventional diet, so the difference between groups was significant. McDoniel, Patricia Wolskee, Jeff Shen. Yoon, H. 2011. Y. Effect of diet composition on metabolic adaptations to hypocaloric nutrition: comparison of high carbohydrate and high fat isocaloric diets. 2015. (2016) Dieting Habits of Men. CrossRef 191 Amin Esfahani, Julia M. M. D. (2014) How to use published complete case results from weight loss studies in a missing data sensitivity analysis. L. N. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. CrossRef 5 N. Wilshire, Annika Dahlqvist, Ralf Sundberg, Ann Childers, Katharine Morrison, Anssi H. Subjects were given a copy of The LEARN Program for Weight Management, 17 which provides 16 lessons covering various aspects of weight control. Atkins Paradigm. CrossRef 65 Alessandro Pinto, Lucia Toselli, Edda Cava. (2014) Lifestyle Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Diet Composition, Food Provision, and Treatment Modality on Weight Loss. 23 Our study was focused on weight and specific risk factors for coronary heart disease. CrossRef 174 Markolf Hanefeld, Ulrike Schatz, Frank Schaper. Cuevas, Fatima Rodriguez. CrossRef 135 Stacey Bell. Urban, Sai Krupa Das. Childhood Obesity. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 32, 11-17. (2010) Dietary Approaches to Obesity. Mattes, Robin M. CrossRef 147 Regina Belski. CrossRef 162 K Resnicow, R Vaughan. (2011) Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Bessesen. M. (2010) Novel treatment modalities for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (2014) Three-graded stratification of carbohydrate restriction by level of baseline hemoglobin A1c for type 2 diabetes patients with a moderate low-carbohydrate diet. In contrast, the relative increase in HDL cholesterol concentrations and the relative decrease in triglyceride concentrations were greater in the group on the low-carbohydrate diet than in the group on the conventional diet throughout most of the study. CrossRef 115 Michael T. CrossRef 121 Joshua Lowndes, Diana Kawiecki, Sabrina Pardo, Von Nguyen, Kathleen J Melanson, Zhiping Yu, James M Rippe. Tabka, N. Disclaimer: Nothing contained on this Site is intended to provide health care advice. (2015) Effects of nutritional components on aging. H. (2010) Efficacy and Safety of a High Protein, Low Carbohydrate Diet for Weight Loss in Severely Obese Adolescents. Ard, Gary Miller, Scott Kahan. (2010) Efficacy of cholesterol uptake inhibition added to statin therapy among subjects following a low-carbohydrate diet: A randomized controlled trial. Al-Sarraj, H. (2013) Acute effects of different diet compositions on skeletal muscle insulin signalling in obese individuals during caloric restriction. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease: assessing the data from Framingham to the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Demanelis, M. (2015) Obesity, Oxidative Stress, Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, and the Associated Health Risks: Causes and Therapeutic Strategies. CrossRef 101 Pavlos Pissios, Shangyu Hong, Adam Richard Kennedy, Deepthi Prasad, Fen-Fen Liu, Eleftheria Maratos-Flier. Overall, 59 percent of subjects completed the study, and 88 percent of those who completed the six-month assessment completed the full study. CrossRef 152 (2012) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2012. A comparison of methods for analyzing glucose and insulin areas under the curve following nine months of exercise in overweight adults. Genotype Modifies Effect of a Weight-Loss Diet on 2-Year Changes of Insulin Resistance: The POUNDS LOST Trial. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:8, 1150-1155. Erkrankungen des Stoffwechsels. (2014) Chemical Evaluation of Unripe Plantain Dishes Commonly Consumed by Type 2 Diabetics Attending the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. S. S. McCubrey, D. 2015. (2010) Presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in a high-protein diet affect appetite suppression but not energy expenditure in normal-weight human subjects fed in energy balance. (2011) Efficacy and tolerability of the Modified Atkins Diet in adults with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: A prospective observational study. Villa, Cyril W. As compared with the conventional diet, the low-carbohydrate diet was associated with a greater improvement in some risk factors for coronary heart disease (serum triglycerides and serum HDL cholesterol), but not others (blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and serum LDL cholesterol). S. Composition of weight lost during short-term weight reduction: metabolic responses of obese subjects to starvation and low-calorie ketogenic and nonketogenic diets. G. CrossRef 40 Deirdre K Tobias, Mu Chen, JoAnn E Manson, David S Ludwig, Walter Willett, Frank B Hu. Additional studies in which more precise measures of insulin sensitivity are used are needed to evaluate this issue more carefully. Buckley, Manny Noakes, Peter M. CrossRef 83 Heinrich Kasper. More comprehensive behavioral treatment (e. Grilo, M. Pfluger, Randy J. Outcomes Body weight was measured with the use of calibrated scales (Detecto 6800, Cardinal) while the subjects were wearing light clothing and no shoes at base line and at weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 26, 34, 42, and 52. Bazzano. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 28, 547-552. CrossRef 129 N. (2016) Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly in Obese Men and Women during Weight Loss and Sustains Efficacy during Long-Term Weight Maintenance. (2014) Therapeutic Phytogenic Compounds for Obesity and Diabetes. 23 Wadden TA, Foster GD. McDoniel, R. (2014) The cardiometabolic consequences of replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates or. Siri-Tarino. Nutrition: Its Relevance in Development and Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome. (2011) Management of type 2 diabetes: evolving strategies for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. CrossRef 215 S. CrossRef 155 Adriana Branchi, Adriana Torri, Cristina Berra, Emanuela Colombo, Domenico Sommariva. CrossRef 217 Youfa Wang, May A Beydoun, Benjamin Caballero, Tiffany L Gary, Robert Lawrence. (2013) Improvements in Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity with a Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. S. Tucker. The self-help nature of treatment, which is consistent with the way in which the low-carbohydrate diet is typically used, probably contributed to the attrition rate of 41 percent. CrossRef 150 Evelyne Fleury-Milfort. Models and Applications of Chaos Theory in Modern Sciences, 3-12. CrossRef 239 T. Vining, Nancy Cotugna, Chengshun Fang, O. CrossRef 23 Serena Dato, Dina Bellizzi, Giuseppina Rose, Giuseppe Passarino. Esteves, A. Tonstad. CrossRef 227 Suzanne Devkota, Donald K Layman. (2012) Spices and energy balance. CrossRef 127 T. (2012) Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. These weight losses are particularly noteworthy because the diet was implemented in a self-help format and subjects had little contact with health professionals. Lipoprotein Metabolism and the Treatment of Lipid Disorders. Abel, J. CrossRef 46 Lee Hooper, Asmaa Abdelhamid, Diane Bunn, Tracey Brown, Carolyn D Summerbell, C Murray Skeaff, Lee Hooper. B. CrossRef 8 Naji Alamuddin, Thomas A. W. Weickert. A. (2011) Application of Protein-Rich Oriental Diet in a Community-Based Obesity Control Program. CrossRef 110 Riccardo Dalle Grave, Simona Calugi, Ilaria Gavasso, Marwan El Ghoch, Giulio Marchesini. 2013. CrossRef 74 O. (2011) Longitudinal Association between Animal and Vegetable Protein Intake and Obesity among Men in the United States: The Chicago Western Electric Study. (2012) Effect of two different diets and exercise training on weight gain in rats. (2012) Carbohydrate Content of Post-operative Diet Influences the Effect of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy on Body Weight Reduction in Obese Rats. CrossRef 97 2013. Gharbi, S. 2013. CrossRef 222 Haoda Fu, David Manner. CrossRef 95 Beibei Luo, Yang Yang, David C. Textbook of Natural Medicine, 1638-1650. (2010) Bayesian Adaptive Dose-Finding Studies with Delayed Responses. Nelson, Noyan Gokce, Caroline M. CrossRef 76 T. CrossRef 144 (2012) Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for protein. Stanton. Acheson. O. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). CrossRef 189 Chung-Jung Chiu, Allen Taylor. van Baak, Wim H. Adochio, J. a Low-fat Diet in Obese, Diabetic Participants. CrossRef 214 S. Adams, Paul Angulo, Jan Petz, Jill Keach, Keith D. CrossRef 56 Sanne Kellebjerg Poulsen, Charlotte Crone, Arne Astrup, Thomas Meinert Larsen. CrossRef 27 Stefan G. 21 Urinary ketone concentrations were measured with dipsticks (Ketostix 2880, Bayer) and characterized dichotomously as negative (0 mg per deciliter) or positive (5 to 100 mg per deciliter). C. ). Sue Snider. (2010) A pilot trial of high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (2010) Treating obesity with a novel hand-held device, computer software program, and Internet technology in primary care: The SMART motivational trial. June 2002:26-32. (2012) The effects of four hypocaloric diets containing different levels of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup on weight loss and related parameters. CrossRef 194 2011. Endocrine Secrets, 78-89. Tepper. 2013. Triglyceride values were not normally distributed, so the log-transformed values were analyzed. El Fezaa. Zaouali, Z. (2014) A randomized trial to manipulate the quality instead of quantity of dietary proteins to influence the markers of satiety. CrossRef 199 (2011) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2011. (2015) Generalized Nutrient Taxes Can Increase Consumer Welfare. 2 to 4. CrossRef 193 Joseph Skelton, Gail Cohen. Burke, Annette Bloesch, Daniel J. Umpierrez, Abbas E. New York: Ballantine Publishing, 1995. Persons following this program consume a self-selected diet consisting of liberal amounts of protein and fat but controlled amounts of carbohydrate. Yancy, T. (2010) Four Therapeutic Diets: Adherence and Acceptability. Kitabchi. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric, 715-736. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28:1, 38-43. Vinker. (2010) Enhanced weight loss with protein-enriched meal replacements in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Dietary treatment of the obese individual. Poppitt. Mattes. (2015) Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mario, Simone Radavelli-Bagatini, Denusa Wiltgen, Maria Cristina Matos, Poli Maria Spritzer. van Vught, Margriet S. Liu, C. CrossRef 134 Ariel Robarge, Bernard Downs. Finally, our findings should not be generalized to overweight subjects or to obese subjects with serious obesity-related diseases, such as diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. J. S. Induction Phase During the induction phase, dieters are restricted to 20 g of carbohydrate a day and to certain types of carbohydrate-containing foods (e. Vaughan, Kevin D. 2012. Samuel. 2012. Comparative studies in obese subjects fed carbohydrate-restricted and high carbohydrate 1,000-calorie formula diets. This high rate of attrition underscores the difficulty of long-term compliance with either diet, when diet therapy is given with minimal supervision. Premaintenance Phase Weight loss continues during the premaintenance phase, but at a slower rate. (2013) Considering patient diet preference to optimize weight loss: Design considerations of a randomized trial investigating the impact of choice. 2011. Abstract Background Despite the popularity of the low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat (Atkins) diet, no randomized, controlled trials have evaluated its efficacy. Yancy. An oral glucose-tolerance test was performed at base line and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Westerterp, Anneke J. CrossRef 171 Lee Hooper, Carolyn D Summerbell, Rachel Thompson, Deirdre Sills, Felicia G Roberts, Helen Moore, George Davey Smith, Lee Hooper. Our data suggest that ketosis was unlikely to be responsible for the increased weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet, since we did not find any relation between the presence of urinary ketones and weight loss. A Guide to Evidence-based Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 444-470. 9 Eades MR, Eades MD. Feinman. Simpson, David Raubenheimer. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 42, 315-320. (2013) Selectively starving cancer cells through dietary manipulation: methods and clinical implications. Noakes, J. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 28:6, 457-461. A. g. CrossRef 173 Lisa Te Morenga, Jim Mann. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoprotein: a meta-analysis. Conclusions The low-carbohydrate diet produced a greater weight loss (absolute difference, approximately 4 percent) than did the conventional diet for the first six months, but the differences were not significant at one year. (2012) Effects of a high protein diet on body weight and comorbidities associated with obesity. CrossRef 154 Martin O. CrossRef 137 Lee Hooper, Carolyn D Summerbell, Rachel Thompson, Deirdre Sills, Felicia G Roberts, Helen J Moore, George Davey Smith, Lee Hooper. Gastroenterology 145:6, 1245-1252. Petzke, Lutz Schomburg, Andreas F. All subjects completed a comprehensive medical examination and routine blood tests. Saris, Susan Jebb, Anthony Kafatos, Andreas Pfeiffer, Svetoslav Handjiev, Petr Hlavaty, Steen Stender, Thomas M. 5 kg (5 to 10 lb) of their goal weight, at which point they enter the premaintenance phase. Wilson, R. Rader. Hertz, M. 2014. Washington, D. Hu, K. Comprehensive Handbook of Clinical Health Psychology, 81-103. Launch Low Carb Meal Solution for Health-Conscious Consumers. D. H. Figure 2 Percentage of Subjects with a Positive Urinary Ketone Concentration, According to Whether They Were on the Low-Carbohydrate Diet or the Conventional (Low-Calorie, High-Carbohydrate) Diet. W. Washington, D. Laitner, Michael G. (2010) A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study. Mansour, Remi W. CrossRef 104 P Sumithran, L A Prendergast, E Delbridge, K Purcell, A Shulkes, A Kriketos, J Proietto. CrossRef 89 William Martin, Lawrence Armstrong, Nancy Rodriguez. Mander. Proteins, amino acids, and type 2 diabetes. Statistical Analysis Analysis of variance revealed no effects of the research site on weight loss or attrition at 3, 6, or 12 months, so the data on all the subjects were analyzed together. (2010) Renal Function Following Long-Term Weight Loss in Individuals with Abdominal Obesity on a Very-Low-Carbohydrate Diet vs High-Carbohydrate Diet. adults using data from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. (2013) A randomized trial of energy-restricted high-protein versus high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in morbid obesity. (2016) Effects of the difference between actual body condition and body image perception on nutrient intake, weight control and mental health in Korean adults: Based on the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. L. (2014) The low-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: Evidence from epidemiologic studies. W. For the first two weeks, carbohydrate intake is limited to 20 g per day and is then gradually increased until a stable and desired weight is achieved. After subjects fasted overnight, blood samples were obtained for the measurement of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations before and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the oral administration of a 75-g glucose load. Freeman, Geoffrey A. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Abdominal Obesity, 447-458. CrossRef 91 Alisha M Crayton, Carolyn D Summerbell, Louisa J Ells, Tance J Sonnier, Harry Rutter, Frank L Greenway, Alisha M Crayton. Journal of Sport and Health Science 2, 236-241. Santos, S. Wittert, Manny Noakes, Neal Shore. CrossRef 57 Dongyeop Lee, Wooseon Hwang, Murat Artan, Dae-Eun Jeong, Seung-Jae Lee. 6 Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management. Furthermore, urinary ketones were not present in most subjects on either diet after the first six months. (2011) The application of the glycemic index and glycemic load in weight loss: A review of the clinical evidence. CrossRef 14 Paul Arciero, Rohan Edmonds, Feng He, Emery Ward, Eric Gumpricht, Alex Mohr, Michael Ormsbee, Arne Astrup. Obesity. Cross, Michael Harrison. Satapathy, Arun J Sanyal. Danenberg, T. 2010. CrossRef 166 Kevin D Hall, Gary Sacks, Dhruva Chandramohan, Carson C Chow, Y Claire Wang, Steven L Gortmaker, Boyd A Swinburn. Desmond, R. Dhurandhar. Connect with and support other Atkins dieters like yourself through live chat, forums, groups, and more. The primary analysis was a repeated-measures analysis of variance in which the base-line value was carried forward in the case of missing data. CrossRef 182 Mara Smith, Nina Politzer, Debra MacGarvie, Mary-Pat McAndrews, Martin del Campo. J. Washington, D. All subjects provided written informed consent, and the protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of the participating institutions. 12 Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Participants maintain this level of carbohydrate consumption until they are within 2. CrossRef 42 (2015) Obesity and reproduction: a committee opinion. Thomas, Daniel H. CrossRef 226 Mary Vernon, James Wortman. The lack of a statistically significant difference between the groups at one year is most likely due to greater weight regain in the low-carbohydrate group and the small sample size. Walford. Westerterp-Plantenga. CrossRef 64 Je Rossouw. CrossRef 52 Miae Doo, Yangha Kim. CrossRef 133 Shelley Kirk, Bonnie Brehm, Brian E. CrossRef 44 Kerstin Stemmer, Fabio Zani, Kirk M. Clifton. Voils. Murray. 2012. El Elj, G. The low-carbohydrate diet was associated with a greater improvement in some risk factors for coronary heart disease. J. A. CrossRef 98 Marta Focardi, Andrea Picchi, Sandra Donnini, Matteo Cameli, Marina Ziche, Mario Marzilli, Sergio Mondillo. P. References References 1 Serdula MK, Mokdad AH, Williamson DF, Galuska DA, Mendlein JM, Heath GW. : National Academy Press, 1995. Blood Pressure Systolic blood pressure did not change significantly in either group during the study ( Table 2 and Table 3 ). (2016) Nutrition Interventions for Obesity. Ditschuneit. Matarese. Additional, long-term studies are needed to determine whether increased serum HDL cholesterol concentrations and decreased serum triglyceride concentrations have the same effect on cardiovascular outcomes when one is consuming a diet high in saturated fat. Johnson. 2016. , weekly group meetings or self-monitoring) would probably have decreased attrition, increased adherence, and made possible a comparison with clinic-based treatments for obesity. Manzanilla, P. e3. C. 2011. Dietary guidelines for healthy American adults: a statement for health professionals from the National Committee, American Heart Association. M. (2014) Consuming a balanced high fat diet for 16 weeks improves body composition, inflammation and vascular function parameters in obese premenopausal women.
(2010) Effects of a Low-intensity Intervention That Prescribed a Low-carbohydrate vs. (2013) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease following liver transplantation. 2012. An important health concern of consuming unrestricted amounts of saturated fat is the potential to increase the LDL cholesterol concentration, which is an established risk factor for coronary heart disease. Unterman, J. CrossRef 148 Chieko HASHIZUME, Yuka KISHIMOTO, Sumiko KANAHORI, Takushi YAMAMOTO, Kazuhiro OKUMA, Kunio YAMAMOTO. (2010) Long-term effects of weight loss with a very low carbohydrate and low fat diet on vascular function in overweight and obese patients. CrossRef 29 Wei Bao, Shanshan Li, Jorge E. Bregman, Hera Ashfaq, Umar Khayyam, Nayyar Iqbal. Effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate dieting on plasma lipoproteins and body weight. Ramsey. Hay. 8,9 The Atkins diet, originally published in 1973 and again in 1992 and 2002, may be the most popular of these diets. Professional contact was minimal to replicate the approach used by most dieters. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 58, 423-430. Kwon, D. (2011) Dietary hyperglycemia, glycemic index and metabolic retinal diseases. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 24, 525-535. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 113, 1640-1661. Dallas: American Health Publishing, 2000. E. Coffman, Stephanie Mayer, William S. Smith, Corrine I. M. Lindor. (2013) Ketosis and appetite-mediating nutrients and hormones after weight loss. The subjects were randomly assigned to follow either a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat Atkins diet or a high-carbohydrate, low-fat, energy-deficit conventional diet. (2013) Bayesian indirect and mixed treatment comparisons across longitudinal time points. The Journal of Pediatrics 161, 320-327. CrossRef 100 Yan Song, Simon Liu. Subjects in both groups were instructed to take a daily multivitamin supplement and met with a registered dietitian for 15 to 30 minutes at 3, 6, and 12 months to review dietary issues. T. (2016) The impact of nutrients on the aging rate: A complex interaction of demographic, environmental and genetic factors. CrossRef 59 R. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30, 2027-2031. (2015) Interplay between Proteins and Metabolic Syndrome- A Review. (2011) The Optimal Dietary Fat to Carbohydrate Ratio to Prevent Obesity in the Japanese Population: A Review of the Epidemiological, Physiological and Molecular Evidence. 2011. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116:6, 968-983. Spangler, Lukas Burget, Paul Pfluger, Claudia Reinel, Michael Czisch, Martin Reincke, Silvana Obici, Ellen Kienzle, Matthias H. Westerterp. Perri. (2015) Long-term adherence to the New Nordic Diet and the effects on body weight, anthropometry and blood pressure: a 12-month follow-up study. CrossRef 236 Michael Freemark. (2013) Beneficial Effects of an 8-Week, Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Intervention on Obese Subjects. (2016) Influence of a low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial microvesicles in overweight women. 18 Food guide pyramid. (2016) Behavioral Treatment of the Patient with Obesity. (2014) Eating patterns, diet quality and energy balance: An introduction to an international conference. 2010. Blood samples were obtained after subjects fasted overnight at base line and at 3, 6, and 12 months to determine serum lipoprotein concentrations. (2013) Methionine and choline regulate the metabolic phenotype of a ketogenic diet. CrossRef 228 Eui Geum Oh, So Youn Bang, Sa Saeng Hyun, Soo Hyun Kim, Sang Hui Chu, Justin Y. Dalton-Bakes, Monique Dowd, Catherine Williams-Smith, Serena Cardillo, Thomas A. Wood. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 71, 199-204. Berry. He, L. (2012) Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. 2013. Mattes. Pfeiffer, Michael Ristow. Eloustaz, W. CrossRef 102 Ying Ding, Haoda Fu. E. Lee, O. e7. Rao, Beverly J. Ard. L. The nutritional information in the manual was consistent with the dietary recommendations provided by the study dietitian and with the Department of Agriculture Food Guide Pyramid. Niswender. Both groups had significant increases in insulin sensitivity at six months, but the values were not significantly different from base line at one year ( Table 2 and Table 3 ). M. CrossRef 185 EW Derman, S Whitesman, M Dreyer, DN Patel, CJ Nossel, EV Lambert, MP Schwellnus. Appetite, Body Weight, Health Implications of a Low-Glycemic-Load Diet. (2015) Obesity: Interactions of Genome and Nutrients Intake. Over the long term, however, the LDL cholesterol concentration among subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet was similar to base-line values, and the changes in LDL cholesterol concentrations did not differ significantly between the groups. e6. Weighing the options: criteria for evaluating weight-management programs. CrossRef 180 Richard D. A. Bremner, Iain Broom, Lutz Schweiger, Andy Welch. Habegger, Christina Neff, Petra Kotzbeck, Michaela Bauer, Suma Yalamanchilli, Ali Azad, Maarit Lehti, Paulo J. , certain vegetables, cheese, olives, avocados, nuts, and seeds). CrossRef 232 T. Attal-Singer, S. O. CrossRef 165 Gal Dubnov-Raz, Elliot M. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 00-00. (2016) The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. T. CrossRef 208 Margriet A. (2011) Set-Point Theory and Obesity. 4 Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults -- the Evidence Report. Lee, H. Dietary Intervention and Nutritional Counseling. R. Hu, L. Bazzano. (2012) Tailoring dietary approaches for weight loss. CrossRef 146 Takashi Yamaguchi, Yoh Miyashita, Atsuhito Saiki, Fusako Watanabe, Hitoshi Watanabe, Kohji Shirai. (2010) Effects of a 6-month lifestyle modification intervention on the cardiometabolic risk factors and health-related qualities of life in women with metabolic syndrome. (2015) The diet-heart hypothesis, obesity and diabetes. Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions for Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome, 43-56. Webb, Thomas A. (2016) Meta-analysis of variance: an illustration comparing the effects of two dietary interventions on variability in weight. CrossRef 55 Tao Huang, Jinyan Huang, Qibin Qi, Yanping Li, George A. (2015) Insulin, carbohydrate restriction, metabolic syndrome and cancer. (2016) Physical activity and weight loss are independent predictors of improved insulin sensitivity following energy restriction. 2012. C. Chicago: SPSS, 2000. Low-Carbohydrate Diet The 33 subjects who were assigned to the low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet met individually with a registered dietitian before beginning the program to review the central features of the diet (see Supplementary Appendix 1 ), which involves limiting carbohydrate intake without restricting consumption of fat and protein. Discussion The results of this multicenter, randomized, controlled trial demonstrate that the low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat Atkins diet produces greater weight loss (an absolute difference of approximately 4 percent) than a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet for up to six months, but that the differences do not persist at one year. Schoenfeld, Richard J. (2013) The Role of Diet in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Obesity. A Delicious Way to Maintain the Atkins Lifestyle All Through the Day. CrossRef 53 Y Lopez Gutierrez Adriana, Monroy Torres Rebecca. (2012) Formula Diet is Effective for the Reduction and Differentiation of Visceral Adipose Tissue in Zucker Fatty Rats. (2010) Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control. (2011) Fad Diets in the Treatment of Diabetes. (2010) Behavioral and pharmacologic therapies for obesity. CrossRef 131 T P Wycherley, G D Brinkworth, P M Clifton, M Noakes. Obesity. (2011) Healthy lifestyle interventions in general practice: Part 14: Lifestyle and obesity. Hammond. Jun, S. Onuoha, P. M. CrossRef 32 L. L. Methods We conducted a one-year, multicenter, controlled trial involving 63 obese men and women who were randomly assigned to either a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet or a low-calorie, high-carbohydrate, low-fat (conventional) diet. (2011) Treatment of dyslipidemia in the elderly. (2016) Food preferences and weight change during low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. Diastolic pressure decreased in both groups, but there were no significant differences between groups. Adherence was poor and attrition was high in both groups. (2014) Factors associated with choice of a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet during a behavioral weight loss intervention. CrossRef 78 J. Dietary Protein Intake and Renal Function. Mahady, Jacob George. Green, E. (2012) Rapid response predicts 12-month post-treatment outcomes in binge-eating disorder: theoretical and clinical implications. (2011) The Dietary Treatment of Obesity. P. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. (2016) The Effects of Increased Protein Intake on Fullness: A Meta-Analysis and Its Limitations. Bar-Tana. E. Kendall. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein in plasma, without the use of preparative ultracentrifuge. A. CrossRef 112 Cecilia C. (2013) Diets for body weight control and health: the potential of changing the macronutrient composition. Lac, M. There were no significant differences between groups in insulin sensitivity (assessed by the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index 16 ) throughout the study period. CrossRef 36 Prasenjit Manna, Sushil K. (2010) Role of dietary supplements in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: A review. Should you have any health care-related questions, please call or see your physician or other health care provider. : Government Printing Office, 2001. CrossRef 85 Adana AM Llanos, Jessica L Krok, Juan Peng, Michael L Pennell, Susan Olivo-Marston, Mara Z Vitolins, Cecilia R DeGraffinreid, Electra D Paskett. Plasma insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay, and plasma glucose by a glucose oxidase autoanalyzer (Yellow Springs Instruments). Turner, William S. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110:4, 633-638. 2012. Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets. 2014. B. Wycherley, G. (2010) Opposing effects of dietary sugar and saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism in mitochondrially impaired mice. (2011) Meta-analysis of studies of a specific delivery mode for a modified-carbohydrate diet. When the analysis included data on subjects who completed the study and data obtained at the time of the last follow-up visit for those who did not complete the study, the pattern of weight loss was similar to that obtained when the base-line values were carried forward in the case of missing data. Villaverde, A. CrossRef 175 A. Johnson, Nikhil V. Cahan, H. Fernandez. (2016) The Role of Macronutrient Content in the Diet for Weight Management. Diet, Physical Activity, and Substrate Oxidation. 2013. (2012) Nutritional Modulation of Insulin Resistance. American Heart Journal 159, 918. e1-918. S. CrossRef 63 Td Noakes. Abeyta, Boris Draznin, Marc-Andre Cornier. Apovian. Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 154-165. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 27 trials. Diets. (2015) The 2012 University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences centenary debate. CrossRef 90 Yunjuan Gu, Aihua Zhao, Fengjie Huang, Yinan Zhang, Jiajian Liu, Congrong Wang, Wei Jia, Guoxiang Xie, Weiping Jia. Dieters then drop back to the level of carbohydrate intake that supports weight loss until they reach their goal weight. A Chaotic View of Behavior Change. During this phase, dieters determine their new carbohydrate level for losing weight as well as the maximal number of grams of carbohydrate they can consume to maintain their weight (also known as the critical carbohydrate level for maintenance). CrossRef 187 Osamu EZAKI. Lustman, R. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. CrossRef 117 Dae Won Jun. The area under the insulin curve decreased in both groups, but there were no significant differences between groups ( Table 2 and Table 3 ). CrossRef 51 Neetu Miglani, Kiran Bains. (2012) Comparison of the effects of 52 weeks weight loss with either a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese males. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. CrossRef 125 Richard D. Mayorek, E. S. (2014) Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial. Klemsdal, I. CrossRef 30 Jihyun Seo, Hyesun Ma, Sunghee Kim, Jiyoung Kim, Minseo Shin, Yoon Jung Yang. Holme, H. S. D. CrossRef 82 Hajime Haimoto, Tae Sasakabe, Takahiko Kawamura, Hiroyuki Umegaki, Masashi Komeda, Kenji Wakai. CrossRef 234 Joan C Han, Debbie A Lawlor, Sue YS Kimm. Keogh, P. Yancy Jr, J. Obesity: The Role of Diet. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28:1, 19-33. Yancy. CrossRef 88 Stephanie Sinnett, Joshua Lowndes, Von Nguyen, Nan Lv, James Rippe. Zatara, R. CrossRef 170 Deborah Bujnowski, Pengcheng Xun, Martha L. Seeley, Martin Bidlingmaier. Study Design The subjects were randomly assigned at each site, with use of a random-number generator, to follow either the low-carbohydrate diet or the conventional diet. M. Cunningham, Wendy Hunter. CrossRef 178 Shao Hong, -Quan Chen Li, Xu Jun. More specifically, dieters increase their carbohydrate intake by 10 g per day per week until they stop losing weight. Lee, K. The difference in weight loss between the two groups in the first six months demonstrates an overall greater energy deficit in the low-carbohydrate group, despite unrestricted protein and fat intake in this group and instructions to restrict energy intake in the conventional-diet group. Ekpo. Wang, Rebecca L. 18 Subjects were instructed to read the manual and follow the program as described. Thijssen, Frank van Berkum, Margriet S. Maintenance Phase Once their weight goal is achieved, dieters move into the maintenance phase and adhere to their critical carbohydrate level for maintenance, which is designed to maintain body weight. Obesity. Appel, Renee Desmond, Jamy D. Kelly, J. 2011. J. : Department of Agriculture, 1992. Lim, M. Consult your physician or health care provider before beginning the Atkins Diet as you would any other weight loss or weight maintenance program. Veldhorst, Klaas R. S. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. M. CrossRef 50 Lee Hooper, Nicole Martin, Asmaa Abdelhamid, George Davey Smith, Lee Hooper. B. Masheb. Noakes, J. Seeley. Professional contact was minimal, so as to approximate the approach used by most dieters. g. Indira Paharia, Larina Kase. Grad, A. Popular diets and over-the-counter dietary aids and their effectiveness in managing obesity. (2012) Carbohydrate but not fat is associated with elevated aminotransferases. Both diets significantly decreased diastolic blood pressure and the insulin response to an oral glucose load. Lee, B. Carbohydrates and satiety. Morrison, Christopher J. (2013) Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: A consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. A. Berry. A t-test for independent samples was used to assess differences in base-line variables between the groups. (2011) Investigation of population heterogeneity of diet use among middle-aged Australians. 2017. Diabetes Pathophysiology. Central Nervous System Regulation of Brown Adipose Tissue. Camps, Sanne P. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 5, 57-62. (2010) Low glycemic diet for weight loss in hypertriglyceridemic patients attending a lipid clinic. (2014) Effects of dietary factors on energy regulation: Consideration of multiple- versus single-dietary-factor models. We did not evaluate the effect of the low-carbohydrate diet on other important clinical end points, such as renal function, bone health, cardiovascular function, and exercise tolerance. Jones, Rekha Kumar, Ralph La Forge, Varman T. (2011) Behavioral Transitions and Weight Change Patterns Within the PREMIER Trial. CrossRef 43 Lijuan Sun, Kevin Wei Jie Tan, Cathy Mok Sook Han, Melvin Khee-Shing Leow, Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. CrossRef 159 Mark Hopkins, Neil King, John Blundell. (2015) Effect of Dietary Weight Loss on Menstrual Regularity in Obese Young Adult Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Jeon, Jee-Aee Im, Mi Kyung Lee, Jung Eun Lee. Nunes. Daviglus, Amber Pirzada, Ka He. A Guide to Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome, 283-360. Morad, E. T. Vanatta. Saadi, J. F. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. Pharmacological management of high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Shikany, R. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 30, 18-53. Allison. CrossRef 45 Zahra Mosallaei, Mohsen Mazidi, Mohammad Safariyan, Abdolreza Norouzy, Seyed Amir Reza Mohajeri, Habibollah Esmaily, Ali Bahari, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan, Mohsen Nematy. Attieh. Clifton. 2015. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45:3, 581-604. Fascetti, K. CrossRef 96 Shelby Sullivan, Richard Stein, Sreenivasa Jonnalagadda, Daniel Mullady, Steven Edmundowicz. Subjects were instructed to read the book and follow the diet as described. Eme, U. (2015) FGF21 is not required for glucose homeostasis, ketosis or tumour suppression associated with ketogenic diets in mice. e1. CrossRef 142 O. CrossRef 139 C. (2010) Effects of a low glycemic load diet versus a low-fat diet in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome. (2010) Carbohydrate restriction favorably alters lipoprotein metabolism in Emirati subjects classified with the metabolic syndrome. Satiation, Satiety and the Control of Food Intake, 166-181. Madden. Commercial weight loss products and services for obese and overweight adults. Treatments for the Metabolic Syndrome. (2011) Effect of high-protein or normal-protein diet on weight loss, body composition, hormone, and metabolic profile in southern Brazilian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized study. In a secondary analysis, an analysis of covariance (in which initial weights were covariates) was used to examine changes in weight from base line to the end of the study, for those who completed the study, or at the time of the last follow-up visit, for those who did not complete the study. CrossRef 130 Peter Clifton. Fiber, Protein, and Lupin-Enriched Foods: Role for Improving Cardiovascular Health. Wadden. Keogh, M. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 1-15. (2012) Changes in Serum Lipids and Blood Glucose in Non Diabetic Patients with Metabolic Syndrome after Mixed Meals of Different Composition. Meat Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease. (2014) Teledietetics Improves Weight Reduction by Modifying Eating Behavior: A Randomized Controlled Trial. e1. G. CrossRef 48 Christin Ann Thompson, Joel W. Nerland, T. Buckley, P. Marquart, John R. The magnitude of weight loss at six months in the low-carbohydrate group approximates that achieved by standard behavioral 23 and pharmacologic 24 treatments. N. CrossRef 216 (2010) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to protein and increase in satiety leading to a reduction in energy intake (ID 414, 616, 730), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 414, 616, 730), mai. 2011. (2011) Successful weight loss and maintenance in everyday clinical practice with an individually tailored change of eating habits on the basis of food energy density. Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions for Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome, 89-101. CrossRef 212 Doreen Kuhlow, Kim Zarse, Anja Voigt, Tim J. Guess. M. (2013) Consuming a hypocaloric high fat low carbohydrate diet for 12weeks lowers C-reactive protein, and raises serum adiponectin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in obese subjects. Additional studies are needed in these populations to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diets. Shaked, N. Martins, Timo D. CrossRef 41 David Bishai. Krebs, Damon Bell, Rosemary Hall, Amber Parry-Strong, Paul D. (2011) Suppression of FoxO1 Activity by Long-Chain Fatty Acyl Analogs. Geoffry Chase. These data suggest that long-term adherence to the low-carbohydrate Atkins diet may be difficult. Pedersen, S. (2015) Impact of preloading either dairy or soy milk on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia and gastric emptying in healthy adults. (2011) Nutrition and Chronic Liver Disease. Amankwaah, Katherene Osei-Boadi Anguah, Ashley Jacobs, Blake L. CrossRef 108 K J Acheson. Low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diets have become increasingly popular, and many best-selling diet books have promoted this approach. C. CrossRef 107 Sanjaya Kumar Satapathy, Satheesh Nair, Jason M. CrossRef 119 Yunjuan Gu, Haoyong Yu, Yuehua Li, Xiaojing Ma, Junxi Lu, Weihui Yu, Yunfeng Xiao, Yuqian Bao, Weiping Jia. (2016) Long-Term Effects of a Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing High Protein or High Carbohydrate Weight Loss Diets on Testosterone, SHBG, Erectile and Urinary Function in Overweight and Obese Men. (2013) Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Significantly Alters the Serum Metabolic Profiles in Obese Subjects. The percentage of subjects who had dropped out of the study at 3, 6, and 12 months was higher in the group following the conventional diet (30, 40, and 43 percent, respectively) than in the group following the low-carbohydrate diet (15, 27, and 39 percent, respectively), but these differences were not statistically significant. (2010) In the face of contradictory evidence: Report of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee. CrossRef 151 Kevin J. White, G. CrossRef 71 Richard D. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 8, 8. (2012) Improvement Effect of Resistant Maltodextrin in Humans with Metabolic Syndrome by Continuous Administration. Collins, Susan L. Elhayany, A. (2011) Influence of a high-protein diet on energy balance in obese cats allowed ad libitum access to food. CrossRef 218 Gal Dubnov-Raz, Elliot M. (2015) Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base. L. Clifton. Sayed Ahmed. Blood pressure and urinary ketones were also assessed at base line and at weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 26, 34, 42, and 52. Verhoef, Klaas R. 2015. CrossRef 196 Nam-Seok Joo, Yong-Woo Park, Kyung-Hee Park, Chan-Won Kim, Bom-Taeck Kim. J. Oral Glucose-Tolerance Test The area under the glucose curve did not change significantly in either group throughout the study. 19 Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CS, Richmond W, Fu PC. C. International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 7, 33-38. These data suggest that the increased weight loss associated with the low-carbohydrate diet may offset the adverse effect of saturated fat intake on serum LDL cholesterol concentrations. Lemmens, Jolande Scholte, Myriam A. CrossRef 172 G. CrossRef 116 S. B. Bonomi, Sofie G. DiNicolantonio. CrossRef 124 F. (2011) Dietary approaches for polycystic ovary syndrome. N. Brinkworth, J.
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